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''Israel in Egypt'' (HWV 54) is a biblical oratorio by the composer George Frideric Handel. Most scholars believe the libretto was prepared by Charles Jennens, who also compiled the biblical texts for Handel's Messiah. It is composed entirely of selected passages from the Old Testament, mainly from Exodus and the Psalms. ''Israel in Egypt'' premiered at London's King's Theatre in the Haymarket on April 4, 1739 with Elisabeth Duparc "la Francesina", William Savage, John Beard (tenor), Turner Robinson, Gustavus Waltz, and Thomas Reinhold. Handel started it soon after the opera season at King's Theatre was cancelled for lack of subscribers. The oratorio was not well received by the first audience though commended in the ''Daily Post'', and the second performance was shortened, the mainly choral work now augmented with Italian- style arias. The first version of the piece is in three parts rather than two, the first part more famous as "The ways of Zion do mourn", with altered text as "The sons of Israel do mourn" lamenting the death of Joseph. This section precedes the Exodus, which in the tripartite version is Part II rather than Part I. ==Background== Handel had long been resident in London and had enjoyed great success as a composer of Italian operas there. However in 1733 a rival opera company to Handel's, The Opera of the Nobility, had split the audience for Italian opera in London. There was not enough support for two Italian opera companies and Handel began to find new audiences through presenting oratorio and other choral works in English. Handel's oratorio ''Saul'', with a text by Charles Jennens, was presented at the King's Theatre in January 1739, and for the same season Handel composed ''Israel in Egypt'', writing the music in one month between 1 October and 1 November 1738. ''Israel in Egypt'' is one of only two oratorios by Handel with a text compiled from verses from the Bible, the other being ''Messiah''. The librettist of ''Israel in Egypt'' is uncertain, but most scholars believe Charles Jennens compiled both texts. ''Israel in Egypt'' and ''Messiah'' also share the unusual characteristic among Handel oratorios in that, unlike the others, they do not have casts of named characters singing dialogue and performing an unstaged drama, but contain many choruses set to biblical texts. In composing ''Israel in Egypt'', in what was by then his common practice, Handel recycled music from his own previous compositions and also made extensive use of musical parody, the re-working of music by other composers.〔〔Winton Dean, "An Oratorio by Accident?" liner notes to the recording by John Eliot Gardiner, Decca 478 1374〕 For the opening part of ''Israel in Egypt'' Handel slightly re-wrote his 1737 Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline, "The Ways of Zion do Mourn",〔 and he adapted two of his keyboard fugues, a chorus from his ''Dixit Dominus'' and an aria from one of his Chandos Anthems.〔 From Alessandro Stradella's wedding serenata ''Qual prodigio é ch’io miri'', Handel took the music for his "plague" choruses "He spake the word,” “He gave them hailstones,” “But as for his people/He led them,” and “And believed the Lord,” as well as the Part II chorus “The people shall hear/All th’inhabitants of Canaan.”.〔〔 From a Magnificat setting by Dionigi Erba, Handel took most or part of the music for “He rebuked the Red Sea,” “The Lord is my Strength,” “He is my God,” “The Lord is a Man of War,” “The depths have covered them/Thy right Hand, o Lord,” “Thou sentest forth thy wrath,” “And with the blast of thy nostrils,” “Who is like unto Thee,” and “Thou in they mercy.”〔〔 Other composers Handel parodied in ''Israel in Eqypt'' were Jean-Philippe Rameau, Johann Caspar Kerll, Francesco Antonio Urio, Nicolaus Adam Strungk and Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow. Much more than the previous works by Handel which were designed, like ''Israel in Egypt'', to attract paying audiences to a commercial venture in a privately owned theatre, the piece lays overwhelming emphasis on the chorus. London audiences at that time were not used to such extensive choral pieces presented as commercial entertainment, and perhaps particularly the opening dirge, of about thirty minutes in length, for the death of Joseph, adapted from the funeral anthem for a recently deceased Queen, contributed to the failure of ''Israel in Egypt'' at its first performance.〔〔 Handel quickly revised the work, omitting the opening "Lamentations" section and adding Italian-style arias of the kind contemporary audiences expected and enjoyed.〔 In its two sectioned form, ''Israel in Egypt'' was very popular in the 19th century with choral societies. Today many performances of the work use Handel's original three part version.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Israel in Egypt」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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